Highway alignment refers to the positioning of a road in both horizontal and vertical planes. It includes the road’s path, curves, gradients, and elevation changes. A well-planned alignment minimizes construction and maintenance costs while ensuring safety and environmental sustainability.

Highway alignment is a crucial aspect of road construction that determines the best possible route for a highway, balancing safety, cost, and environmental considerations. An engineering survey…

A bathymetric survey is the process of mapping the underwater features of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. It involves measuring water depth and charting the topography of the submerged terrain, similar to how topographic surveys map land features. This data is crucial for various applications including navigation safety, dredging operations, underwater construction,…

Soil investigation, also known as geotechnical investigation, is the process of assessing the physical and chemical properties of soil at a proposed construction site. Soil investigation provides vital data on soil strength, compressibility, and bearing capacity, which are crucial for designing foundations that support structures safely. It also helps identify potential geotechnical hazards such as landslides, subsidence, and soil liquefaction, allowing for the design of resilient…